Introduction:

Civilization is the history and the culture; we can define history as some events, which take place and time in a particular time/place.

It has many aspects as political, economical,..

1. The government

2. The minister

3. The political parties

4. The parliament

We can differentiate between people by level of education, wealth, religious believes, physical appearance, discoveries, language they use, the relationship between people (feudalism for example).

The Feudalism

Feudalism[1] was a medieval contractual relationship among the upper classes, by which a lord granted land to his men in return for military service. Feudalism was further characterized by the localization of political and economic power in the hands of lords and their vassals and by the exercise of that power from the base of castles, each of which dominated the district in which it was situated. This formed a pyramidal form of hierarchy. The term feudalism thus involves a division of governmental power spreading over various castle-dominated districts downward through lesser nobles. Feudalism does not infer social and economic relationships between the peasants and their lords. This is better defined as manorialism.

In theory, diagrammatic feudalism resembles a pyramid, with the lowest vassals at its base and the lines of authority flowing up to the peak of the structure, the king. In practice, however, this scheme varied from nation to nation. In Germanic Europe, the pyramid ended at the level below king or emperor, that of the great princes. In other words, the German kings were never able to impose themselves at the top of a system that had developed out of royal weakness. They were recognized as feudal suzerains but did not exercise sovereignty. In Western Europe (France), the kings overcame the same handicap, using their positions to become feudal sovereigns. In England, where feudalism was imposed by the Normans, the kings were at the top of the pyramid, ruling by grace of their offices rather than by the grace of their feudal positions. The extent of feudalism must not be exaggerated, however. Many portions of Europe were never feudalized.

Feudal institutions varied greatly from region to region, and few feudal contracts had all the features here described. Common to all, however, was the process by which one nobleman (the vassal) became the man of another (the lord) by swearing homage and fealty. This was originally done simply to establish a mutually protective relationship, but by A.D. 1000 vassalage brought with it a fief--land held in return for military service. With the vassal's holding of a fief went rights of governance and of jurisdiction over those who dwelt on it.

Lord and vassal were interlocked in a web of mutual rights and obligations, to the advantage of both. Whereas the lord owed his vassal protection, the vassal owed his lord a specified number of days annually in offensive military service and in garrisoning his castle. The lord was expected to provide a court for his vassals, who, in turn, were to provide the lord with counsel before he undertook any initiative of importance to the feudal community as a whole--for example, arranging his own or his children's marriages or planning a crusade. In addition, the lord frequently convened his vassals "to do him honor."

Financial benefits accrued largely to the lord. A vassal owed his lord a fee known as relief when he succeeded to his fief, was expected to contribute to the lord's ransom were he captured and to his crusading expenses, and had to share the financial burden when the lord's eldest son was knighted and his eldest daughter married. In addition, a vassal had to seek his lord's permission to marry off his daughter and for himself to take a wife. Should the vassal die leaving a widow or minor children, they were provided for by the lord, who saw to their education, support, and marriage. Should the vassal die without heirs, his fief escheated, or reverted to the lord.

Feudalism had hardly begun before its first important sign of decline appeared. Problems with inheritance soon became a critical weakness. When a lord was no longer able to enter into an agreement with his vassal, freely accepted by both parties, then the personal nature of the feudal contract was seriously undermined. This transformation occurred before 1100, as did the beginning of the commutation of personal military service into money payments (called scutage in England), which further undermined the personal loyalty central to original feudalism.

A late medieval outgrowth of this commutation was contract service in return for land or money, embodying loyalty to a lord in return for help and protection. This form of social bond enabled wealthy lords to field an army quickly when needed and gave them tangible and effective means to assert their own private influence in political and social life, to the detriment of orderly central government.

Something else that appeared early in the history of feudalism was liege homage, by which a man who was the vassal of more than one lord chose one as his paramount lord, thus again subverting the original feudal idea of personal loyalty between lord and vassal.
The centralization of strong lordships, whether as kings (as in England and France) or territorial rulers (as in the Holy Roman Empire), obviously undercut the localization of government so essential to feudalism. So too did new forms of warfare following A.D. 1300. Feudalism's decline was also rooted in ties to family and for other social changes. Family ties came to be seen as more important than territorial or protective concerns. The economic and social gulf between greater and lesser nobles grew wider, and respect for historically based ties of mutual relationships between lord and vassal steadily weakened. These circumstances, as well as the increasing division of inheritances, all combined to destroy feudalism, slowly and inexorably. The process was largely complete by the end of the 14th century. It should be noted that many of the problems associated with feudalism in Europe were not as noteworthy in Japan where the system seemed to have greater stability. However, in Japan the system did weaken for similar reasons as found in Europe.

[1] Political and social system of medieval Europe in which vassals were protected by lords whom they served in times of war



Feudalism:

Feudalism is an economic system imposed by king William the first who imposed it on the English society. A system based on land (agriculture).

King, Lord[2], Barons[3], Knights[4], Peasants[5], and Vassals[6] are characteristics of Feudalism. The Lord gave lands to the barons gave areas to knights and the peasants to work on it.

Barons were different in clothes, way of speaking. They ****d in houses castles. Knights were fighters and warriors and peasants were servers ****d in a village of huts.

The churchman had his own lands, it was the servers and peasants worked in it. The represented of the church was Archbishop.

How lands were distributed?

The church had a totally control on the population, so that the lord was afraid and he choose the archbishop in order to control him.

Feudalism is a contractual relationship based on contract among upper classes that are “Lord, Barons,...”, and lord had authority on the barons. There was a close relationship based on the contract.

Those who include on the contract are upper classes, the notion of government existed that time is central level – local level.

When the lord died the baron took care of his children and widen he took his land and gave it to another knights.

Feudalism was not the same; it was different from one nation to another. In Germanic Europe there was no kings, just small kingdoms ruled by a prince formed one area. They didn’t even have other systems.

In England kings had the authority to rule with the help of their officers.

In France, the same thing, they began practicing Feudalism, and the baron gave a piece of land to his knights.

Feudalism in England:

The France king gave lands to his vassal, who was William the Concurrent, this man had a close relationship with the king of England (Edward the confessor), Edward promised his kingdom to William and in the same time he promised it to another man who ****d in England (Harold).

Harold heard that a man in the north want to be a king of England, so he moved to the north and defeat the king of north on using his large power. In that time, William profited the situation and moved to London in order to became a king, so Harold moved to south and trigger a battle against William.

A powerful army of Harold ó weak army of William

William won the battle and became the king of England. And from this time he concretes all areas of London that were outside of his authority. The conquest of south was easy than the north (depend on their attachment to the French kingdom) and William was merciless, after all that he applied his policy, now he is the king of London and the lord of Normandy[7]. He controlled lands and populations, so he applied the same system used in France (The Feudalism).

William is the first who brought feudalism in England; one of Feudalism (Lords [religious + savants] + King) is as minister and prime minister.

The duty of the Lords was to advice (mutual relationship), and they were obliged to attend the court.

The geographical organization:

It was organized into earldoms, which were managed by an earl, one earldom contained many villages.

Before Williams, earl controlled earldom (countries) and after him shire Controlled shiredom (province). And surface of earldom was less then shiredom. Whereas exchequer became the responsible of finance, and this institution is still existed.

So England was more stable because William applied the Feudalism word by word, and there were also a close relationship between him and vassals.

England was divided in Earldoms; the most important and powerful one was Wessex, which was under the control of earl Godwin[8].

The president Edward (the king of England) who was from Normandy wanted to spread, he brought Normans to his Kingdom England.

Edward the confessor had a conflict with Godwin about the presence of many Normans in England. Godwin did not want to close relationship with the Normans, he organized a rebellion but it was unsuccessful because he did not have the support of the other earldoms that were faithful to the king Edward. This later arrested Godwin and his family in other place, but Godwin did not say the last word, he decided with son Harold to regain their lands.

The king Edward was obliged to accept him and his family. Godwin came back to England stronger than before.

After the death of Godwin his son replaced him and became the earl of Wessex. After years the relationship between Harold and Edward improved and Edward promised the throne to Harold, but before that he promised it to William the concurrent (Normandy was under the control of William, but he had to be under the rule of France).

In the other side the king Harold of Normandy asked for the thrown, but why did he claim the thrown? Before the coming of Edward the confessor there were many invasions in England, the last one was of the Vikings. The Anglo-Saxon had a compromise with the Vikings.

The north of Vikings Denalaw (area where dens ****) accepted this rule, the south for Anglo-Saxon and the king was …………….

Harold clamed himself the king of England one day after the death of Edward, he made a witan[9] (religious men and others), but he faced two dangerous men (William and Harold).

William said that Harold had promised him to abandon the thrown and to support him, but Harold did not keep his promise, so William wanted to defeat him to organized the flat, but this later was prevented by the storm he remained in Normandy.

We know that William was crowned in London; he became the king of England and the Lord of Normandy. He needed security that’s why he was looking for faithful people and trustful ones to secure not only the land but also the population in case of security; he replaced the earldoms by shires, which mean that he divided them, because it was easier to so secure shires than earldoms.

England was stable, and William established the whole court, rules by king, having a group of people (many lords and religions men) who helped him to take decisions.

William was very powerful and he applied feudalism in England (Feudal system in the English society). In the north the Saxon system and in the south the roman system. Before the coming of William, there were many invasions, he was a merchantman and his court was made of advisers.

William parliament of England started with the court of archbishop (religious men were educated). They were included in the king’s court. William introduced an important element, which is separation between secular knitters and religious ones (other court).

He issued the doomsday. He wanted to plan his economy as to impose taxes to limit the sum of the taxes to know all the renounces of the kingdom. He needed the kings of all the lands, which were under his control, he asked them about wealth.

There were motives (reasons that were under the issue of this look), the aim of this look was to impose the infect of the look, they were unpleased about this look (they reminded them about the paintings).

William was the king of England and the duke of Normandy, when he died; he had 3 sons (Robert, Rufus, Henry). Before his death, he promised Normandy to Robert and England to William Rufus. In addition to his other sons and daughters, crusade began in Palestine (the holy land)

Robert take part in the Crusade, William was in charge of two areas, it was destruction. He was killed leaving. Robert decided to come back in order to not let the throne with no one and thus it will be taken. His brother Henry decided to invade Normandy and he imprisoned his brother Robert until his death.

Henry I became the Duke of Normandy and the king of England. And Henry’s son had died. He organized a marriage of his daughter in order to inherit the throne. The name of the lady was Matilda, that man was called Plantain Geoffrey, and they had children. Few days he decides to visit his daughter and they had a dispute with each other (they were in conflict). The occasion of both of them was put in questions, since they died without the reconciliation with his daughter that is why people were not to compel. Matilda got angry; she wanted to overthrow her cousin. Stephan promised her to support her.

v How can Matilda collect the army? (To be in her side)

ü Grace of her husband who was an important one.

The anarchy was widely spread. The powerful people served and weak died. After the death of Stephan, Matilda’s son Henry (in future Henry II) would become the unquestioned king of England.



Henry II

Henry II became the king of England because of a compromise; he controlled a large area more than those of French king who was afraid of him and began to revolt against him.

He appointed royal courts, each shire judge the criminal according to its customs and laws, which was, not comment to all kingdoms.

People were no longer to imprisoned. He destroyed all the cattle’s that were built without any permission. At that time, person was caught when do an illegal thing.

He decided to have a royal court go in all the shires and deal with all the judgement. He introduced common law to all the population. The cases resembled each other (in case one shire was different from other).

Henry II wanted to continue the policy of William the confessor. He tried to control the court of justice (in that time there were court of feudal system of shires). Each shire was different from the other according to its customs and law on what the jury had to impose their decision.

The law was not common for the whole kingdom. At that time two courts were existed: the feudal court and the royal court. Each court worked for the king due to the judge. Because of the Henry II, the two courts were existed. The new one was the royal court.

Henry II established a royal court, so two courts were existed:

- The Feudal Court: who judged knew the lands and the persons, offered having their cases.

- The Royal Court: appointed by the king to give shire and judge judicial affairs of it, to decide a number of cases collected by a sheriff, the judge decided upon cases of permission of lands, judge in affair way.

v What was the different between the two?

ü There were several judges working for the king in order that the judge of each shire (royal). There were a number of judges according to the number of the shires that exist. (We are speaking about the royal shire). The royal judges deciding about cases

The royal court became more common than the feudal one, people were afraid of not having their cases, started to give a writ which was a document to a person that allowed to take this case tried in royal court.

So as a result, there were a lot of cases and judgement and decision.

In the feudal court, we have to bay money to the sheriff who gave a writ. The royal court was better than the feudal one because the royal judges knew the area very well. The sheriff was obliged to include the whole kingdom. The king Henry II collected all decisions of judgment in a document of “law common” which became a base by which all judges took their decisions. As a result, establishment of royal court instead of the feudal one.

Henry II extended his control over the kingdom as William did, by trying the judicial system, and he succeeded to replace the feudal one, and this marks the decline of Feudalism.

He appointed the church court that it means, the church is a government and had its court, and the churchman could be judged by religious courts (the religions men worked in that court). The pope was ****d in macro state, which was Vatican in Rome (the capital of Italy). Thus, he controlled this court as he did with the feudal. Yet, Feudal and royal were more civil the religious and had an archbishop Thomas Becket, who was in a close relationship with Henry II, according to him (Henry II) the religious had to be punished with two courts: the church court and the royal one. The archbishop controlled the whole area but the bishop had to control just a small area. The bishop accepted the son of Henry II to be the future king (the heir of the throne).

Thomas began to criticise Henry, so Henry became angry and ordered him to leave the country, Thomas thought that he would be killed, so he asked the support of the pope who tried to solve the issue when he met Henry. Thomas returned back and continued to criticise again be stopping all the bishops who accepted all decision.

During his absence, Henry decided that his son would be the heir.

Thomas murdered on the altar of the church. Reaction of church and population: choked he is martyr, later as a saint, people tried to come from many areas to visit Tomb (they said that this miracle).

Henry II had 5 sons: William, Henry, Jeffrey, Richard and John. (William, Henry & Jeffery died, who remained, Richard and John. Act of becoming a ruler of the country. He revolted against his father before his death. His sons were vassals of the French king who gave them pieces of lands because he feared of Henry. He died by defeating Richard.

v 1133-1189 è Henry I period

v 1189-1199 è Richard I period

Richard was really loved by his subjects since he was very courageous and brave, he was named “Coeur du lion”, he passed his life fighting in crusades.

He took part in crusade which was between Christians and other peoples (Jewish started to be persecuted) in the holly land in Palestine, he had a dispute with the Austrian king who decided to arrange himself and capture Richard, when he came back to England, he was captured by the Austrian king.

The English crown had to pay a ransom intern for his freedom; it took two years to pay.

During his absence, he appointed Herbert Walter “a chief officer of the crown” to manage the kingdom in his policy, he enforced judicial system of Henry and gave more importance to the middle class (made by the knights).

Knights offered their serves as soldiers; people started asking money from knights for their lands, they didn’t need them as soldiers. Knights didn’t go to fight with Richard; they remained in their countryside doing nothing just organizing. He granted to shires Charters stipulating the mere of the town to be elected by the court.

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Herbert Walter">Herbert Walter

Richard did not ruled England, he was the chief officer “Herbert Walter” who did, he was the archbishop of contemporary, representative of the pope of England, he was appointed by the king “Richard” [the appointment started with king William I], he used to be able to control religious superior authority fields especially hole population, as a result, no rebellions would be organized.

Herbert was as the chief officer of the crown, which could not be fulfilled by john who supported to inherit the crown. After Richard’s death, John became the chief officer.
I. Herbert’s policy:

He was to enforce the kingdom peace, which had been applied by Henry II, both in towns and countryside. He gave to towns the charters that they had the right to be elected by them the moray instead of being appointed by the court in 1832, and gave them to working class in 1867.

He gave more liberty and responsibility to middle class. He also gave permission to knights to take a part in the management of the concerning shires, which began to be managed by them, who were supposed to fight with the king.

King did not need knights as soldiers, they preferred asking for giving money instead of military services, they asked the service of other people to fight with the king instead of knights who asked for conditions as fighting just for 40 days not more. It is why the activity of knights changed from fighting to other works. Knights’ activities became changeable to people who play games and take advantage of life.

Archbishop wanted to take them in the machinery of government by appointing them offices; therefore, they became officers of the kingdom to serve judicial and financial matters of kingdom at the local level.

Herbert Walter also replaced sheriff by knights for management of the shires in the judicial field. He appointed a community made of 40 people who had to be taken from the group of knights to become corners (people dealing with judicial fields) since knights became responsible. He also asked to form another comity to become juries from people who were asked to witness about crimes, decide the people if they are guilty or not. They were witnessed, to see whether juries are sincere or not. He gave the responsibility of choosing juries to knights.

Herbert Walter was captured by the Austrian king then he was set free, after that, he was killed by the French king on the way home (1199-1216), when he died, he was succeeded by his brother John who was different, very harsh and civil, always in quest for money and wealth, which made him exploit all the classes that formed the English Society:

ü Nobles (barons became aristocratic and knights)

ü Religious men

ü Merchants.

His policy made the three classes infuriate (become angry and revolt), he started to take Judicial cases from the court of shires to his court by making people buying writ to have their cases tried in the royal court.

He prevented the Nobles from important sources of money; in addition, he raised the payment that they had to pay (part of feudalism) to accept marriage of vassal’s daughters.

All these needs were in the opposite way of what Feudalism stipulated; he kept lands of who died from the barons for himself to take advantages.
II. For religious men:

He applied the same policy, he took their lands and imposed heavy taxes on them as nobles, and he did the same process with the merchants.

“No Taxation Without Representation”

There was no parliament, just courts (the one which exist was the king court).

During this period, which made nobles get angry, the first revolution took a place in 1204 when the French king “Philip II” took back Normandy believing that “John” wasn’t faithful to his duties. John put-up feeble resistance, which helped him to succeed in taking it easier, French king, feared and was so jealous from the English or since he had larger area (in a legal way), it was the occasion to decide to take back Normandy (Feudal stayed). “If you don’t pay your tax properly, I’ll take the land” said Philip II, it was a part of contrast.

Taking Normandy back had negative aspects on nobles who had territories in it, the French king deprive nobles from their rules to perfect lands there, since the king John failed in fulfilling his duty in over-law as a Lord.

The second revolution was the conflict between pope “innocent III” of Vatican with “John”; the problem was about the man who would be the chief officer after Herbert’s death. The king had to choose other archbishop; the pope of Vatican saw the occasion of his weakness to impose his choice of the new archbishop.

King and barons choose a person, but the pope proposed another one, which opposed the first one. When the king refused, the pope closed all churches depriving England from religion, so people would revolt against king, and pope also accommodated the king from his function. (King’s support was very important that time).

After a long time, he accepted the pope’s choice, they drafted “Magna Carter[1]”, and it is an important charter in the history of England. 25 barons formed a community, and compelled king to sign the great charter in 1215. It had the support of archbishop of Canterbury, merchants, knights, and religious men, in addition to the moral support of the veiling. It was signed at “Runny Mede”.
III. The pope’s reaction:

According to the church, king is in the serve of God. He sides with the king, and announced that “Magna Carta” was null and void. i.e. He didn’t accept it and he asked the king to pretend after sign.

As a result, his denying caused a civil war, which had two parts. The barons asked the French prince Louis to side with them and invade England; this later accepted this immediately (since he was jealous), He saw the opportunity to annex England with France.

He invaded London, Winchester (the first capital of England), and then he succeeded to control all the territories. Arriving to Dover, he was checked by the English who started regaining the control of the territories. However, some barons, were sided with their king who died before regaining the whole England. His death made the barons having no reason to continue the way. They crowned his son Henry III, who was very young, it was the regent who took his place and ruled the whole kingdom “William Marshal”. During his period, the civil war became a war between England and France. The French prince was defeated, as a result, a peace treaty in which the king gave a sum of money to him in returning to abandon the territories.

The anarchy was the main result of that war, there were nobles who took lands castles without royal concerts and ****d in, the king Henry succeeded to oust the French and took back these castles which had been taken illegally.

Henry III started ruling England when he was 25 years old, during his rain, there were many wars compelling by religious men to fight against the French.

Since he needs money to fight, he raised taxes, and he applied the same policy of his father. All the groups were unsatisfied and rebelled against him under the leader “Simon de Mot Fort”. They took over the king and his small council. The religion was under the form “Setting up an English parliament”

The emergence of parliament in England

During the reign of Henry III and when he became a king, he started applying his policy to wage a war, he had two councils.

· The small council: advisers who educated people in his policy.

· The great council: he surrounded from time to time whenever he needs money including wealthy people (barons, knights …) .

However, a new factor contributed to a revolution against king, he started dealing with the wealthy people who became the machinery of the government in the local level, yet, they wanted to have their say in the national level, they revolute in 1228 against the king, he made them taking him over the government and elect a council on nobles which became the parliament, it started controlling the treasury of the kingdom.

This apprising was organized by “Simon de Mont Fort” who was the earl of Leicester; it also got read of the body of advisers that the king consulted them.

Yet, not all the nobles were for such apprising which permitted the king to regain his power one year later.

How did it happen? He took his power by force, i.e. by killing Simon de Mont Fort.

The policy of Henry III after was to keep this parliament, and he carried on working with it, which was composed by barons, knights, and merchants.

He had to respect Magna Carta (Feudal laws). This policy carried on with Edward I (Henry III’s so he used parliament to enact laws as they said: status or mortmain[2] in 1279. The status of 1290 when he used parliament to act his policy (he had the approval of the parliament), these status dealt with the political field.

What were the factors that help the parliament to merge? How did it develop?

Thanks to their policy, it developed in a positive way. The great council had no say in. The merchants, the traders and the knights had no say in the great council in spite of their attending. So they organized a secret meeting where they discussed the same topics. (It was forbidden for them to do it in a secret was at their level). From this, the house of common level developed.

There was a war between France and England, it lasted for a long time and started during Edward III’ reign.
The main causes of the war:

ü The desire of the king of England to regain the large area that was taken by the French king in the reign Henry II.

ü To avenge himself and spread his territory.

ü The conflict that the English had with the French was because of economic matters. The English traded with the Flanders by which the English gave them wool and the Flanders made ready cloths to sell it in England. But the area where they trade was controlled by the French. So, the English were not satisfied to be the Lord, but to invade it.
The direct Cause:

When the king died, “Philip” the king of Valoi claimed the crown, to be the heir, as the English king did, so since his mother was the sister of the French king.

At the beginning, the English soldiers were victorious, because of the sophisticated weapon. Yet, the arrival of Joan Ark who was a skillful peasant. She heard voices that thought that it is coming from God; she permitted to win many battles. Yet, she was captured by the English and was killed. She was taken as an example of nationalism.

The French started taken the rest of the lands that were been taken by the English. At the end, the French were victorious after defeating the English. The only land that was remained was Alases.

Meanwhile, two other important events took a place, if the kingdom was weak financially, it could not fight, from where it took money, food, what did happen for the other people.
The peasant revolt:

Black death: it started in 1348, and stopped in 1349. The number of people draped decrease, so, there were a decrease of economic level. The most important source of wealth, the land that needed many workers.

The workers asked for an increase in wages and imposing conditions. So, Lords could not refuse because they were few and they knew that Lords needed them.

Peasant revolt: after the death of Edward, Richard II replaced him (he was his grand son). He exploited the population; he was very young, so there were advisers who asked him to do that.

He imposed heavy taxes on the riches and poor. Two years later, in 1381, he imposed the same tax, which was three times heavier, then the two first taxes.

The poor were not able to pay, so they revolt against him in East Anglia and Kant.

However, the north and the northeast did not revolt, they were more conscious, more rich than the north and the northwest.

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War Of Roses

What are the causes of the wars?ses of the wars?

Richard II (1377-1399): he was unstable, cruel, powerful and hungry, he believed that the king had the power to control all the subject and their properties, when he seized the properties of the Duck Henry of Leicester by force who was very powerful. As a result, they organized a revolt, and established the house of plan. Richard was over through by Henry, so the house of Lancaster ruled England 1461 by Henry IV, dealt with several revolts because who are defeated did not say their last word. The parliament gave money to the king to crash-down all the local revolt (he had the support of parliament), in addition, he carried on war against France.

The king had to give some concession in return to parliament. The guarantee of freedom.

Money bills originated from the house to enact, they had to be a proposal in the house of common debated. But, it did not last, when Henry died, he was replaced by Henry V, then Henry VI who was simple minded, book loving, was against war, unsuitable for the society, he was living in Init violence, later on he became insane.

England found itself with a crazy war and defeated in a war against France. This arose the discontent of the nobles into 2 groups: who were against the king sided with another person, duck of York who claimed the throne è the out brake of civil war between partisans of Lancaster and York. It resulted the over thrown of the king and the duke of York, because the king of England, he was killed in the civil war and his son replaced him in 1461. The king Henry VI was taken to the tower of London to be kept there in order to organize a rebellion against them. They needed the support of Henry VI previous leads.

They released their kingdom force, started their rebellion be recurring the king who kept in the power of London.

Edward was ousted from the country, “came back in fore took back the town. However, his death created a serious problem with monarchy. He had 2 sons, but very young to rule England and 2 brothers. The first is very young, and the second is old, who could rule the kingdom. He killed them to not have arrival after they became adults, but there was no proof of this. This arose the discontent of the Yorkers and the Lancaster who made them unit and support the duck of Richmond Henry Tudor who clamed that he was the claimed king. Now, they had a leader, they sided with them.

The murder of the son of Edward they got angry decided to interrupt a rebellion. Now, they had leader who was Henry Tudor, they side with him.

Bosworth resulted in the history of Henry Tudor and the death of Edward. Out break of the battle. The whole population (Yorkers).

Henry Tudor was immediately crowned king, this event makes an end of roses, after that, he died.

Beginning of New era of the history in England. Stewards, Georges evaded with victories, and new house.

Because the symbols of each rose were roses red and white, it was applied until the 10 century.

[1] Political and social system of medieval Europe in which vassals were protected by lords whom they served in times of war

[2] Lord: master, ruler; one who owns land; very influential person; nobleman, aristocrat

[3] Baron: count, ruler

[4] Knight: medieval warrior; man who holds an honorary nonhereditary rank; chess piece shaped like a horse's head.

[5] Peasant: farmer, agriculturalist; rustic, person who ****s in a rural area; hillbilly, ignorant person

[6] Vassal: tenant-farmer, one who gave total allegiance to a feudal lord in return for protection and the right to occupy and cultivate land, serf.

[7] Normandy: region in northern France

[8] Godwin Earl of the West Saxons (died 1053)

[9] Witan: King's council in Anglo-Saxon England (History)

[1] Magna Carta [mægnə'kɑːtə]

British constitutional charter which limited the power of kings and was signed by King John I in 1215; constitution ensuring rights and liberties



[2] Mortmain [mɔrtmeɪn /'mɔː-] frozen assets; non-transferrable ownership

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